TOEFL Skill: Parallel Structure

Parallel Structure

TOEFL Preparation Series: Coordinate and Paired Conjunctions Concordance

💡 Konsep Dasar: Kesetaraan Struktur Gramatikal

Parallel Structure (Kesejajaran Struktur) menuntut agar kata-kata atau frasa yang dihubungkan oleh kata hubung tertentu memiliki bentuk gramatikal yang identik. Jika elemen pertama berupa Kata Benda (*noun*), elemen berikutnya juga wajib berupa Kata Benda.

Kategori Kata Hubung	Pasangan / Kata Penanda baku	Aturan Kesejajaran Elemen
Coordinate Conjunctions	and, but, or	[Noun] and [Noun] / [Verb] but [Verb]
Paired Conjunctions	both... and... / either... or... / neither... nor... / not only... but also...	both [Adjective] and [Adjective]
Comparison Tokens	than, as... as...	[Gerund Phrase] is better than [Gerund Phrase]

ATURAN EMAS TOEFL: • Jangan biarkan pasangan konjungsi tertukar (contoh salah: *neither... or...* ❌, yang benar: *neither... nor...*). • Pastikan struktur kelas kata diapit secara adil. Kalimat seperti *“He likes swimming and to fish”* salah, bentuk sejajarnya adalah *“He likes swimming and fishing”* (Gerund + Gerund).

📝 Contoh Soal TOEFL (Error Identification)

Pilihlah huruf di bawah kata atau frasa yang salah secara gramatikal:

The digital community forum is not only (A) a virtual space for interaction but also (B) provides constructive feedback (C) to content subscribers (D).

Kunci Jawaban: B (but also)
Pembahasan: Perhatikan struktur elemen yang diapit oleh kata hubung berpasangan *not only... but also...*.
• Setelah *not only* diikuti oleh frasa kata benda: *a virtual space...* (Noun Phrase).
• Namun, setelah *but also* diikuti oleh kata kerja utama: *provides...* (Verb).
Kedua elemen ini tidak sejajar (*not parallel*). Agar kalimat ini benar, posisi kata kerja harus digeser ke depan sebelum konjungsi berpasangan, sehingga susunannya menjadi: *The forum provides not only a virtual space... but also constructive feedback...* (Noun Phrase + Noun Phrase).

🎯 Interactive Practice Quiz

Uji ketelitian Anda menganalisis kesejajaran kalimat di bawah ini. Klik opsi jawaban yang salah secara gramatikal!

Question 1: Find the error phrase:
The newly installed wind turbine is both(A) efficient in generating clean electricity nor(B) eco-friendly to the local(C) wildlife habitat(D).

A. both

B. nor

C. to the local

D. habitat

Question 2: Find the error phrase:
To avoid an unstable connection, you should either(A) configure the Wi-Fi router or(B) attaching(C) a high-capacity LAN cable directly(D).

A. either

B. or

C. attaching

D. directly

Question 3: Find the error phrase:
The environmental artist showed great resourcefulness by collecting(A) scrap wood, sorting(B) inorganic waste, and to create(C) an earth installation gallery(D).

A. collecting

B. sorting

C. to create

D. gallery

Question 4: Find the error phrase:
The government argued that accelerating(A) the energy transition is as crucial as(B) the implementation of(C) stricter regulations on industrial effluents(D).

A. accelerating

B. as crucial as

C. the implementation of

D. effluents

Question 5: Find the error phrase:
The cybersecurity team reported that the unexpected data breach affected neither(A) the cloud storage server or(B) the registered subscribers' biometric(C) authentication data(D).

A. neither

B. or

C. biometric

D. data